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国外权威期刊目录RP·研究政策(总第162期)

学术无界 学术无界 2023-10-24

期刊介绍

Research Policy是由美国苏塞克斯大学于1971年创办,是国际科技政策领域公认的交流思想和平台的专业化权威期刊,能够在很大程度上反映科技政策领域的研究现状和发展趋势。期刊被SSCI收录,影响因子8.11。


本期期卷:Volume 51

发表日期:April 2022

来源:https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/research-policy

或点击文末“阅读原文”



2022年4月刊合集(卷51)

目     录

(1)

Assessing differences between university and federal laboratory postdoctoral scientists in technology transfer

评估大学和联邦实验室博士后科学家在技术转移方面的差异

Haneul Choi, Hyunjung Yoon, Donald Siegel, David A. Waldman, Marie S. Mitchell

(2)

Technology transfer systems and modes of national research institutes: evidence from the Chinese academy of sciences

国家科研院所的技术转移体系与模式——来自中国科学院的证据

Kaihua Chen, Chao Zhang, Ze Feng, Yi Zhang, Lutao Ning

(3)

Market power and artificial intelligence work on online labour markets

市场力量和人工智能在在线劳动力市场上的作用

Néstor Duch-Brown, Estrella Gomez-Herrera, Frank Mueller-Langer, Songül Tolan

(4)

Coevolution of job automation risk and workplace governance

工作自动化风险和工作场所治理的共同演化

Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Luca Cattani, William Ellis, Fabio Landini

(5)

The new paradigm of economic complexity

经济复杂性的新范式

Pierre-Alexandre Balland, Tom Broekel, Dario Diodato, Elisa Giuliani, ... David Rigby

(6)

Climbing the Ladder: Inward Sourcing as an Upgrading Capability in Global Value Chains

攀登阶梯:内向采购作为全球价值链的升级能力

William Chongyang Zhou, Daying Yan, Sunny Li Sun

(7)

Mentorship and creativity: Effects of mentor creativity and mentoring style

导师制和创造力:导师创造力和导师风格的影响

Jian Wang, Sotaro Shibayama

(8)

How fast is this novel technology going to be a hit? Antecedents predicting follow-on inventions

这项新技术会以多快的速度成为热门?预测后续发明的先例

Michele Pezzoni, Reinhilde Veugelers, Fabiana Visentin

(9)

The role of proximity in sustainability transitions: A technological niche evolution analysis

邻近性在可持续性转型中的作用:技术利基演化分析

Antonio Lopolito, Pasquale Marcello Falcone, Edgardo Sica

(10)

Strategic framing of enabling technologies: Insights from firms digitizing smell and taste

使能技术的战略框架:气味和味道数字化公司的见解

Neva Bojovic

(11)

Differences in female representation in leading management and organization journals: Establishing a benchmark

领先的管理和组织期刊中女性代表的差异:建立基准

Carolin Auschra, Julia Bartosch, Nora Lohmeyer

(12)

A question worth a million: The expert, the crowd, or myself? An investigation of problem solving

一个价值一百万的问题:专家、人群还是我自己?解决问题的调查

Carolin Haeussler, Sabrina Vieth

(13)

The vexing but persistent problem of authorship misconduct in research

研究中作者不端行为令人烦恼但长期存在的问题

Peyman Khezr, Vijay Mohan

(14)

Why do incumbents fund startups? A study of the antecedents of corporate venture capital in China

老牌企业为什么要资助初创企业?中国企业风险投资的前因研究

Gary Dushnitsky, Lei Yu

(15)

Not all technologies are created equal for stakeholders: Constituency statutes, firm stakeholder orientation and investments in technology generality

并非所有技术对利益相关者都是平等的:选区法规、企业利益相关者导向和对技术通用性的投资

Raffaele Conti, Elena Novelli

(16)

Project-oriented agency and regeneration in socio-technical transition: Insights from the case of numerical weather prediction (1978–2015)

社会技术转型中的项目导向机构和再生:数值天气预报案例的见解(1978-2015)

Sylvain Lenfle, Jonas Söderlund

1

Assessing differences between university and federal laboratory postdoctoral scientists in technology transfer

评估大学和联邦实验室博士后科学家在技术转移方面的差异

Haneul Choi, Hyunjung Yoon, Donald Siegel, David A. Waldman, Marie S. Mitchell

Abstract

While there are numerous studies of university technology transfer, there have been relatively few studies of technology transfer at federal labs. Moreover, studies of university technology transfer have focused on faculty, not post-doctoral scientists. They have also ignored identity and sensemaking theories in organizational behavior, which are relevant in the context of technology transfer. We fill these gaps by examining differences between university post-doctoral scientists and federal lab post-doctoral scientists, in terms of how they engage in technology transfer. Our qualitative analysis is based on extensive interviews of post-doctoral scientists and their supervisors/principal investigators (PIs) at two major research universities and four large federal labs. We find that federal lab scientists are more influenced by mission-driven research and their sense of public service, as compared to university scientists who are motivated more by curiosity-driven research. These motivational differences may constitute significant barriers to technology transfer in federal labs. As compared to their university counterparts, federal lab scientists appear to experience more cognitive dissonance in pursuing commercialization of their research and have more sophisticated resolution strategies for dealing with such dissonance. We also find that PIs at federal labs are not highly incentivized to engage in technology transfer. We discuss additional research needs, as well as the managerial and training implications of our findings.

摘 要

虽然有许多关于大学技术转让的研究,但联邦实验室对技术转让的研究相对较少。此外,对大学技术转移的研究主要集中在教职员工身上,而不是博士后科学家身上。他们还忽略了组织行为中的身份和意义建构理论,这些理论与技术转让有关。我们通过研究大学博士后科学家和联邦实验室博士后科学家在如何参与技术转让方面的差异来填补这些空白。我们的定性分析基于对两所主要研究型大学和四个大型联邦实验室的博士后科学家及其主管/首席研究员 (PI) 的广泛采访。我们发现,与更多受好奇心驱动研究驱动的大学科学家相比,联邦实验室科学家更受任务驱动研究及其公共服务意识的影响。这些动机差异可能对联邦实验室的技术转让构成重大障碍。与他们的大学同行相比,联邦实验室科学家在追求研究商业化时似乎经历了更多的认知失调,并且有更复杂的解决策略来处理这种失调。我们还发现,联邦实验室的 PI 参与技术转让的积极性并不高。我们讨论了额外的研究需求,以及我们的研究结果对管理和培训的影响。与更多受好奇心驱动的研究驱动的大学科学家相比。这些动机差异可能对联邦实验室的技术转让构成重大障碍。与他们的大学同行相比,联邦实验室科学家在追求研究商业化时似乎经历了更多的认知失调,并且有更复杂的解决策略来处理这种失调。我们还发现,联邦实验室的 PI 参与技术转让的积极性并不高。我们讨论了额外的研究需求,以及我们的研究结果对管理和培训的影响。与更多受好奇心驱动的研究驱动的大学科学家相比。这些动机差异可能对联邦实验室的技术转让构成重大障碍。与他们的大学同行相比,联邦实验室科学家在追求研究商业化时似乎经历了更多的认知失调,并且有更复杂的解决策略来处理这种失调。我们还发现,联邦实验室的 PI 参与技术转让的积极性并不高。我们讨论了额外的研究需求,以及我们的研究结果对管理和培训的影响。联邦实验室的科学家们似乎在将他们的研究商业化时经历了更多的认知失调,并且有更复杂的解决策略来处理这种失调。我们还发现,联邦实验室的 PI 参与技术转让的积极性并不高。我们讨论了额外的研究需求,以及我们的研究结果对管理和培训的影响。联邦实验室的科学家们似乎在将他们的研究商业化时经历了更多的认知失调,并且有更复杂的解决策略来处理这种失调。我们还发现,联邦实验室的 PI 参与技术转让的积极性并不高。我们讨论了额外的研究需求,以及我们的研究结果对管理和培训的影响。

2

Technology transfer systems and modes of national research institutes: evidence from the Chinese academy of sciences

国家科研院所的技术转移体系与模式——来自中国科学院的证据

Kaihua Chen, Chao Zhang, Ze Feng, Yi Zhang, Lutao Ning

Abstract

Technology transfer systems (TTSs) and modes of national research institutes (NRIs) have become increasingly significant in shaping national innovation systems. However, few studies have addressed this issue in the context of emerging economies. To fill this research gap, this paper explores the TTSs and modes of Chinese NRIs based on a case study of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). We clarify the institutional factors that influence the adoption of an academy-branch-institute-level TTS, reveal the policy-driven evolvement of this multi-level TTS, and elucidate the operational mechanisms of the TTS. We find that the effective collaboration between the actors within or across the three levels of the TTS could enhance the functions of integration management, science and technology (S&T) resource allocation, and public research and development. Through a thematic synthesis approach, we identify three technology transfer modes of the CAS. These three modes exhibit an evolutionary sequence from the CAS-region cooperation mode to the incubation ecosystem mode and then to the platform-driven mode, following the progress of the Chinese S&T system reform and the repositioning of the CAS mission. These modes have diverse demands for technological cognition and resource allocation capability that can be satisfied by the co-specialised interaction among the three levels of the TTS. Apart from the theoretical implications for technology transfer studies, our findings provide managerial implications for guiding technology transfer from NRIs.

摘 要

技术转移系统 (TTS) 和国家研究机构 (NRI) 模式在塑造国家创新体系方面变得越来越重要。然而,很少有研究在新兴经济体的背景下解决这个问题。为了填补这一研究空白,本文以中国科学院(CAS)的案例研究为基础,探讨了中国 NRI 的 TTS 和模式。我们阐明了影响采用院-院-院级TTS的制度因素,揭示了这种多级TTS的政策驱动演变,并阐明了TTS的运行机制。我们发现,在 TTS 三个层面内或跨三个层面的参与者之间的有效合作可以增强整合管理、科学和技术 (S&T) 资源配置的功能,和公共研究和开发。通过主题综合方法,我们确定了 CAS 的三种技术转移模式。随着中国科技体制改革的推进和中科院使命的重新定位,这三种模式呈现出从中科院区域合作模式到孵化生态系统模式再到平台驱动模式的演进顺序。这些模式对技术认知和资源配置能力的需求是多样化的,可以通过TTS三个层次之间的协同专业化互动来满足。除了对技术转移研究的理论意义外,我们的研究结果还为指导 NRI 的技术转移提供了管理意义。随着中国科技体制改革的推进和中科院使命的重新定位,这三种模式呈现出从中科院区域合作模式到孵化生态系统模式再到平台驱动模式的演进顺序。这些模式对技术认知和资源配置能力的需求是多样化的,可以通过TTS三个层次之间的协同专业化互动来满足。除了对技术转移研究的理论意义外,我们的研究结果还为指导 NRI 的技术转移提供了管理意义。随着中国科技体制改革的推进和中科院使命的重新定位,这三种模式呈现出从中科院区域合作模式到孵化生态系统模式再到平台驱动模式的演进顺序。这些模式对技术认知和资源配置能力的需求是多样化的,可以通过TTS三个层次之间的协同专业化互动来满足。除了对技术转移研究的理论意义外,我们的研究结果还为指导 NRI 的技术转移提供了管理意义。这些模式对技术认知和资源配置能力的需求是多样化的,可以通过TTS三个层次之间的协同专业化互动来满足。除了对技术转移研究的理论意义外,我们的研究结果还为指导 NRI 的技术转移提供了管理意义。这些模式对技术认知和资源配置能力的需求是多样化的,可以通过TTS三个层次之间的协同专业化互动来满足。除了对技术转移研究的理论意义外,我们的研究结果还为指导 NRI 的技术转移提供了管理意义。

3

Market power and artificial intelligence work on online labour markets

市场力量和人工智能在在线劳动力市场上的作用

Néstor Duch-Brown, Estrella Gomez-Herrera, Frank Mueller-Langer, Songül Tolan

Abstract

We investigate three alternative but complementary indicators of market power on one of the largest online labour markets (OLMs) in Europe: (1) the elasticity of labour demand, (2) the elasticity of labour supply, and (3) the concentration of market shares. We explore how these indicators relate to an exogenous change in platform policy. In the middle of the observation period, the platform made it mandatory for employers to signal the rates they were willing to pay as given by the level of experience required to perform a project, i.e., entry, intermediate or expert level. We find a positive labour supply elasticity ranging between 0.06 and 0.15, which is higher for expert-level projects. We also find that the labour demand elasticity increased while the labour supply elasticity decreased after the policy change. Based on this, we argue that market-designing platform providers can influence the labour demand and supply elasticities on OLMs with the terms and conditions they set for the platform. We also explore the demand for and supply of AI-related labour on the OLM under study. We provide evidence for a significantly higher demand for AI-related labour (ranging from +1.4% to +4.1%) and a significantly lower supply of AI-related labour (ranging from -6.8% to -1.6%) than for other types of labour. We also find that workers on AI projects receive 3.0%-3.2% higher wages than workers on non-AI projects.

摘 要

我们调查了欧洲最大的在线劳动力市场 (OLM) 之一的三个替代但互补的市场力量指标:(1) 劳动力需求弹性,(2) 劳动力供应弹性,以及 (3) 市场集中度分享。我们探讨了这些指标如何与平台政策的外生变化相关联。在观察期的中间,该平台强制要求雇主根据执行项目所需的经验水平(即入门级、中级或专家级)表明他们愿意支付的费率。我们发现正的劳动力供给弹性在 0.06 和 0.15 之间,对于专家级项目来说更高。我们还发现,政策变化后劳动力需求弹性增加而劳动力供给弹性下降。基于此,我们认为,市场设计平台提供商可以通过他们为平台设置的条款和条件来影响 OLM 的劳动力需求和供应弹性。我们还探讨了正在研究的 OLM 对 AI 相关劳动力的需求和供应。我们提供的证据表明,与其他类型的劳动力相比,对人工智能相关劳动力的需求显着增加(范围从 +1.4% 到 +4.1%),而人工智能相关劳动力的供应量显着降低(范围从 -6.8% 到 -1.6%)。劳工。我们还发现,从事人工智能项目的工人的工资比从事非人工智能项目的工人高 3.0%-3.2%。我们提供的证据表明,与其他类型的劳动力相比,对人工智能相关劳动力的需求显着增加(范围从 +1.4% 到 +4.1%),而人工智能相关劳动力的供应量显着降低(范围从 -6.8% 到 -1.6%)。劳工。我们还发现,从事人工智能项目的工人的工资比从事非人工智能项目的工人高 3.0%-3.2%。我们提供的证据表明,与其他类型的劳动力相比,对人工智能相关劳动力的需求显着增加(范围从 +1.4% 到 +4.1%),而人工智能相关劳动力的供应量显着降低(范围从 -6.8% 到 -1.6%)。劳工。我们还发现,从事人工智能项目的工人的工资比从事非人工智能项目的工人高 3.0%-3.2%。

4

Coevolution of job automation risk and workplace governance

工作自动化风险和工作场所治理的共同演化

Filippo Belloc, Gabriel Burdin, Luca Cattani, William Ellis, Fabio Landini

Abstract

This paper analyses the interplay between the allocation of authority within firms and workers’ exposure to automation risk. We propose an evolutionary model to study the complementary fit of job design and workplace governance as resulting from the adoption of worker voice institutions, in particular employee representation (ER). Two organizational conventions are likely to emerge in our framework: in one, workplace governance is based on ER and job designs have low automation risk; in the other, ER is absent and workers are involved in automation-prone production tasks. Using data from a large sample of European workers, we document that automation risk is negatively associated with the presence of ER, consistently with our theoretical framework. Our analysis helps to rationalize the historical experience of Nordic countries, where simultaneous experimentation with codetermination rights and job enrichment programmes has taken place. Policy debates about the consequences of automation on labour organization should avoid technological determinism and devote more attention to socio-institutional factors shaping the future of work.

摘 要

本文分析了公司内部权力分配与工人暴露于自动化风险之间的相互作用。我们提出了一个进化模型来研究工作设计和工作场所治理的互补性,这是由于采用了工人声音制度,特别是员工代表 (ER)。我们的框架中可能会出现两种组织惯例:第一,工作场所治理基于 ER,工作设计具有低自动化风险;另一方面,ER 不存在,工人参与易于自动化的生产任务。使用来自大量欧洲工人样本的数据,我们证明自动化风险与 ER 的存在呈负相关,这与我们的理论框架一致。我们的分析有助于理顺北欧国家的历史经验,共同决定权和工作丰富计划的同时试验已经发生。关于自动化对劳工组织的影响的政策辩论应该避免技术决定论,并更多地关注塑造工作未来的社会制度因素。

5

The new paradigm of economic complexity

经济复杂性的新范式

Pierre-Alexandre Balland, Tom Broekel, Dario Diodato, Elisa Giuliani, ... David Rigby

Abstract

Economic complexity offers a potentially powerful paradigm to understand key societal issues and challenges of our time. The underlying idea is that growth, development, technological change, income inequality, spatial disparities, and resilience are the visible outcomes of hidden systemic interactions. The study of economic complexity seeks to understand the structure of these interactions and how they shape various socioeconomic processes. This emerging field relies heavily on big data and machine learning techniques. This brief introduction to economic complexity has three aims. The first is to summarize key theoretical foundations and principles of economic complexity. The second is to briefly review the tools and metrics developed in the economic complexity literature that exploit information encoded in the structure of the economy to find new empirical patterns. The final aim is to highlight the insights from economic complexity to improve prediction and political decision-making. Institutions including the World Bank, the European Commission, the World Economic Forum, the OECD, and a range of national and regional organizations have begun to embrace the principles of economic complexity and its analytical framework. We discuss policy implications of this field, in particular the usefulness of building recommendation systems for major public investment decisions in a complex world.

摘 要

经济复杂性提供了一个潜在的强大范式来理解我们这个时代的关键社会问题和挑战。基本思想是增长、发展、技术变革、收入不平等、空间差异和弹性是隐藏的系统相互作用的可见结果。对经济复杂性的研究旨在了解这些相互作用的结构以及它们如何塑造各种社会经济过程。这个新兴领域严重依赖大数据和机器学习技术。对经济复杂性的简要介绍有三个目的。首先是总结经济复杂性的关键理论基础和原则。第二个是简要回顾经济复杂性文献中开发的工具和指标,这些工具和指标利用经济结构中编码的信息来寻找新的经验模式。最终目的是突出经济复杂性的洞察力,以改进预测和政治决策。包括世界银行、欧盟委员会、世界经济论坛、经合组织以及一系列国家和地区组织在内的机构已经开始接受经济复杂性的原则及其分析框架。我们讨论了该领域的政策含义,特别是在复杂世界中为重大公共投资决策构建推荐系统的有用性。最终目的是突出经济复杂性的洞察力,以改进预测和政治决策。包括世界银行、欧盟委员会、世界经济论坛、经合组织以及一系列国家和地区组织在内的机构已经开始接受经济复杂性的原则及其分析框架。我们讨论了该领域的政策含义,特别是在复杂世界中为重大公共投资决策构建推荐系统的有用性。最终目的是突出经济复杂性的洞察力,以改进预测和政治决策。包括世界银行、欧盟委员会、世界经济论坛、经合组织以及一系列国家和地区组织在内的机构已经开始接受经济复杂性的原则及其分析框架。我们讨论了该领域的政策含义,特别是在复杂世界中为重大公共投资决策构建推荐系统的有用性。

6

Climbing the Ladder: Inward Sourcing as an Upgrading Capability in Global Value Chains

攀登阶梯:内向采购作为全球价值链的升级能力

William Chongyang Zhou, Daying Yan, Sunny Li Sun

Abstract

How can emerging-economy firms technically upgrade in global value chains (GVCs) and avoid being locked into low value-added activities? Inspired by catch-up cycles theory and “in-out-in” policy of GVC participation (Lee et al., 2017), we propose a novel concept of inward-sourcing capability – the ability to implement a dynamic transition from foreign sourcing to local sourcing in GVCs. We argue that inward-sourcing capability is critical for technical upgrade of emerging-economy firms. Using a full sample of Chinese manufacturing firms (714,117 firm-year observations) from 2000 to 2015, we investigate four antecedents of inward-sourcing capability and find that market-based institutions, openness to foreign multinational enterprises, and R&D intensity strengthen such capability-building, while state ownership impedes it. We also find inward-sourcing capability widens Chinese firms’ search breadth and strengthens innovation capability and technical impact. Our new concept and findings carry important policy implications for the second stage of “in-out-in” GVC participation.

摘 要

新兴经济体公司如何在全球价值链 (GVC) 中进行技术升级,避免陷入低附加值活动?受追赶周期理论和 GVC 参与的“进出入”政策的启发(Lee 等人,2017 年),我们提出了一个新的内向采购能力概念——实现从国外采购到国外采购的动态过渡的能力。全球价值链中的本地采购。我们认为内向采购能力对于新兴经济体公司的技术升级至关重要。使用完整的以 2000 年至 2015 年的中国制造企业样本(714,117 个企业年观察),我们调查了内向采购能力的四个前因,发现市场化制度、对外国跨国企业的开放度和研发强度加强了这种能力建设,而国家所有权阻碍了它。我们还发现内购能力拓宽了中国企业的搜索范围,增强了创新能力和技术影响力。我们的新概念和研究结果对“从内到外”全球价值链参与的第二阶段具有重要的政策意义。

7

Mentorship and creativity: Effects of mentor creativity and mentoring style

导师制和创造力:导师创造力和导师风格的影响

Jian Wang, Sotaro Shibayama

Abstract

This paper examines mentorship as a mechanism for individuals to acquire and develop creativity. More specifically, we study the effect of mentor creativity on protégé creativity and how this effect is moderated by the mentoring styles of autonomy and exploration. Our empirical analysis focuses on formal PhD supervision and training, drawing on survey and bibliometric data for 143 life-science professors (mentors) and their 685 PhD students (protégés). We find that the effect of mentor creativity on protégé creativity is insignificant during protégés’ PhD studies but becomes significantly positive after protégés hold faculty positions, suggesting that the mentorship effect takes time to manifest but is enduring. Furthermore, the effect of mentor creativity on protégé creativity is significant only when protégés have high levels of autonomy and exploration during PhD studies. This suggests the importance of autonomy and exploration in the effective transfer of creativity from mentors to protégés.

摘 要

本文将指导作为个人获得和发展创造力的一种机制进行考察。更具体地说,我们研究了导师创造力对门徒创造力的影响,以及这种影响如何被自主和探索的指导风格所缓和。我们的实证分析侧重于正式的博士监督和培训,利用对 143 名生命科学教授(导师)及其 685 名博士生(门徒)的调查和文献计量数据。我们发现,导师创造力对学生创造力的影响在学生博士学习期间并不显着,但在学生担任教职后变得显着正向,这表明导师效应需要时间才能显现出来,但却是持久的。此外,只有当学生在博士学习期间具有高度的自主性和探索性时,导师创造力对学生创造力的影响才显着。这表明自主和探索在创造力从导师到门徒的有效转移中的重要性。

8

How fast is this novel technology going to be a hit? Antecedents predicting follow-on inventions

这项新技术会以多快的速度成为热门?预测后续发明的先例

Michele Pezzoni, Reinhilde Veugelers, Fabiana Visentin

Abstract

Despite scholars’ high interest in identifying inventions that have a big impact, little attention has been devoted to investigating what drives how (fast) novel technologies embodied in these inventions are re-used in subsequent inventions. We overcome this limitation by empirically identifying novel technologies, mapping their re-use trajectories, and examining the characteristics of the novel technologies affecting trajectories’ shape. Using patent data, we identify on a large scale novel technologies as new combinations of existing technological components. The first invention using the new combination marks the origin of the trajectory, while all the subsequent inventions re-using the same new combination shape the technological trajectory. In our study sample, we identify 10,782 technological trajectories. For each of these trajectories, we identify its take off time and its maximum technological impact, as defined by its maximum number of follow-on inventions. We find that an S-shaped curve provides high goodness of fit for our trajectories, but that there is substantial heterogeneity in take off time and maximum technological impact. In searching for the antecedent characteristics of the novel technologies shaping their trajectories, we find that complex novel technologies resulting from combining dissimilar technological components with strong science-based content are associated with trajectories showing a long take off time but with a high technological impact. In contrast, combining similar components that are familiar to inventors, results in a short take off time but a low technological impact.

摘 要

尽管学者们对识别具有重大影响的发明非常感兴趣,但很少有人关注研究是什么推动了这些发明中体现的(快速)新技术在后续发明中的重复使用。我们通过经验识别新技术、绘制它们的重用轨迹以及检查影响轨迹形状的新技术的特征来克服这一限制。使用专利数据,我们将大规模新技术识别为现有技术组件的新组合。使用新组合的第一个发明标志着轨迹的起源,而所有后续发明重新使用相同的新组合塑造了技术轨迹。在我们的研究样本中,我们确定了 10,782 条技术轨迹。对于这些轨迹中的每一个,我们确定了它的起飞时间和它的最大技术影响,由它的最大后续发明数量来定义。我们发现 S 形曲线为我们的轨迹提供了很高的拟合优度,但起飞时间和最大的技术影响存在很大的异质性。在寻找塑造其轨迹的新技术的先行特征时,我们发现将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。由其最大后续发明数量定义。我们发现 S 形曲线为我们的轨迹提供了很高的拟合优度,但起飞时间和最大的技术影响存在很大的异质性。在寻找塑造其轨迹的新技术的先行特征时,我们发现将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。由其最大后续发明数量定义。我们发现 S 形曲线为我们的轨迹提供了很高的拟合优度,但起飞时间和最大的技术影响存在很大的异质性。在寻找塑造其轨迹的新技术的先行特征时,我们发现将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。但起飞时间和最大技术影响存在很大差异。在寻找塑造其轨迹的新技术的先行特征时,我们发现将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。但起飞时间和最大技术影响存在很大差异。在寻找塑造其轨迹的新技术的先行特征时,我们发现将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。我们发现,通过将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。我们发现,通过将不同的技术组件与强大的科学内容相结合而产生的复杂新技术与显示出起飞时间长但具有高技术影响的轨迹相关联。相比之下,将发明者熟悉的类似组件组合在一起,可以缩短起飞时间,但技术影响很小。

9

The role of proximity in sustainability transitions: A technological niche evolution analysis

邻近性在可持续性转型中的作用:技术利基演化分析

Antonio Lopolito, Pasquale Marcello Falcone, Edgardo Sica

Abstract

The transition literature (especially within economic geography, urban studies and political ecology) highlights that the proximity between actors plays a crucial role in determining the dynamics of sustainable transitions. Economic geographers distinguish between absolute (spatial) and relative (non-spatial) proximity. These play different roles in the transition process, though relative proximity has been scarcely investigated in empirical studies. To overcome this limitation, we investigated the relevance of spatial and non-spatial proximity in the evolution of a technological niche. We also explored the roles of different kinds of non-spatial proximity (i.e. cognitive, organizational, social, institutional), in niche evolution, in terms of network expansion. To this end, we analyzed the Italian biofuel niche, as it has already undergone different evolution phases. We found that the most relevant drivers of niche networking were social, cognitive and institutional proximity. Additionally, while social proximity was relevant throughout the entire life span of the niche, cognitive and institutional proximity gained significance only in the maturity phase, marking a transition point in the niche evolution. From these findings we derive that policy makers should (i) concentrate on social proximity to speed up niche evolution and (ii) increase cognitive and institutional proximity in the development phase in order to consolidate the niche in the maturity phase. This could occur through initiatives aimed at creating common experiences (e.g. business incubators, technological communities) and the intervention of national and/or supranational institutions to create network externality conditions by means of R&D subsidies.

摘 要

转型文献(尤其是在经济地理学、城市研究和政治生态学领域)强调,参与者之间的接近度在确定可持续转型的动力方面起着至关重要的作用。经济地理学家区分绝对(空间)和相对(非空间)接近度。这些在转型过程中扮演着不同的角色,尽管在实证研究中很少研究相对接近性。为了克服这一限制,我们研究了空间和非空间接近在技术利基演变中的相关性。我们还探讨了不同类型的非空间接近(即认知、组织、社会、制度)在生态位进化中的作用,在网络扩展方面。为此,我们分析了意大利的生物燃料利基市场,因为它已经经历了不同的发展阶段。我们发现,利基网络最相关的驱动因素是社交、认知和机构接近度。此外,虽然社会接近度在利基市场的整个生命周期中都是相关的,认知和制度上的接近只有在成熟阶段才变得重要,标志着利基演变的一个过渡点。从这些研究结果中,我们得出结论,政策制定者应该(i)专注于社会接近度以加速利基进化,以及(ii)在发展阶段增加认知和制度接近度,以便在成熟阶段巩固利基。这可以通过旨在创造共同经验的举措(例如企业孵化器、技术社区)以及国家和/或超国家机构的干预来通过研发补贴创造网络外部性条件来实现。从这些研究结果中,我们得出结论,政策制定者应该(i)专注于社会接近度以加速利基进化,以及(ii)在发展阶段增加认知和制度接近度,以便在成熟阶段巩固利基。这可以通过旨在创造共同经验的举措(例如企业孵化器、技术社区)以及国家和/或超国家机构的干预来通过研发补贴创造网络外部性条件来实现。从这些研究结果中,我们得出结论,政策制定者应该(i)专注于社会接近度以加速利基进化,以及(ii)在发展阶段增加认知和制度接近度,以便在成熟阶段巩固利基。这可以通过旨在创造共同经验的举措(例如企业孵化器、技术社区)以及国家和/或超国家机构的干预来通过研发补贴创造网络外部性条件来实现。

10

Strategic framing of enabling technologies: Insights from firms digitizing smell and taste

使能技术的战略框架:气味和味道数字化公司的见解

Neva Bojovic

Abstract

Strategic framing of a technology refers to activities that firms undertake to create favorable meaning for their technologies and foster their adoption. The success of such framing depends on the extent to which these technologies resonate with audiences within local settings. This paper examines how firms approach strategic framing activities to establish resonance in multiple local contexts when producing enabling technologies, i.e., novel technologies that address multiple and heterogeneous markets. Through a longitudinal case study of three companies that produce technologies to digitize smell and taste, this study offers a dynamic understanding of strategic framing by companies as they switch between different frames to establish resonance with audiences within and across markets.

摘 要

技术的战略框架是指公司为为其技术创造有利意义并促进其采用而进行的活动。这种框架的成功取决于这些技术在当地环境中与观众产生共鸣的程度。本文研究了企业在生产支持性技术(即解决多个和异质市场的新技术)时如何处理战略框架活动以在多个当地环境中建立共鸣。通过对生产气味和味道数字化技术的三家公司的纵向案例研究,本研究提供了对公司战略框架的动态理解,因为它们在不同框架之间切换以与市场内和跨市场的受众建立共鸣。

11

Differences in female representation in leading management and organization journals: Establishing a benchmark

领先的管理和组织期刊中女性代表的差异:建立基准

Carolin Auschra, Julia Bartosch, Nora Lohmeyer

Abstract

In the most prestigious journals of many disciplines, female researchers are underrepresented. To better understand this phenomenon, we compare the proportions of female authors in all leading management and organization studies (MOS) journals, explore underlying gendered publication patterns, and analyze factors explaining differences between journals. We examine the gendered distribution of authorship in these journals using a complete, original time series. The comprehensive data set includes all articles published in fourteen leading journals in the MOS field, comprising 77,472 cases (authors) and 43,673 articles. The findings show that women have been underrepresented in all leading MOS journals until now. However, our findings reveal significant differences between journals, with some journals lagging far behind their peers. We ask why some journals score much higher than others and show that gendered authorship constellations and research topic specialization consistently explain female representation differences between journals. More specifically, we find a dominance of ‘men's clubs’ when it comes to authorship constellations and thriving ‘male islands’ when it comes to research topics. In contrast, ‘women's clubs’ are far less prevalent and no ‘female island’ exists. Interestingly, female authorship and ‘shared islands’ play a particularly powerful role in narrowing the gender gap in leading journals. Our results provide a benchmark for female representation across leading journals and allow for the formulation of concrete research policy goals and directions for change.

摘 要

在许多学科最负盛名的期刊中,女性研究人员的代表性不足。为了更好地理解这一现象,我们比较了所有领先的管理和组织研究 (MOS) 期刊中女性作者的比例,探索了潜在的性别出版模式,并分析了解释期刊之间差异的因素。我们使用完整的原始时间序列检查这些期刊中作者身份的性别分布。综合数据集包括 MOS 领域 14 种主要期刊发表的所有文章,包括 77,472 例(作者)和 43,673 篇文章。调查结果表明,迄今为止,女性在所有主要 MOS 期刊中的代表性不足。然而,我们的研究结果揭示了期刊之间的显着差异,有些期刊远远落后于同行。我们询问为什么一些期刊的得分比其他期刊高得多,并表明性别作者身份和研究主题专业化始终解释了期刊之间的女性代表性差异。更具体地说,我们发现在作者星座方面“男性俱乐部”占主导地位,而在研究主题方面,我们发现蓬勃发展的“男性岛屿”占主导地位。相比之下,“女性俱乐部”远没有那么普遍,也不存在“女性岛”。有趣的是,女性作者身份和“共享岛屿”在缩小领先期刊中的性别差距方面发挥着特别强大的作用。我们的结果为领先期刊中的女性代表提供了一个基准,并允许制定具体的研究政策目标和变革方向。

12

A question worth a million: The expert, the crowd, or myself? An investigation of problem solving

一个价值一百万的问题:专家、人群还是我自己?解决问题的调查

Carolin Haeussler, Sabrina Vieth

Abstract

In an era of rapid technological advances, individuals have access to a plethora of open and closed forms of problem solving. We introduce and test a framework that compares different forms of problem solving and determines how individuals make choices among them. Our analyses of 4,556 problems solved by 398 individuals reveal that high problem complexity and strong implicit social norms of open exchange increase the probability that individuals will seek external solutions rather than solve the problems themselves. Our analysis also shows that they prefer individual experts (contacted directly or via open call) over aggregated crowd knowledge. We also find that strong implicit social norms of open exchange weakened the positive impact of complexity on the probability of solving problems externally. Interestingly, this effect is more subtle when the use of aggregated crowds is compared with individual experts: while strong implicit social norms strengthen the positive impact of problem complexity when experts are contacted directly, they otherwise weaken the use of open call experts. We discuss and examine the nuanced effects between problem complexity and social norms of open exchange. The study contributes to a stream of the open innovation literature that uses a problem solving perspective to better understand under what circumstances certain forms of problem solving are utilized, and it then combines it with a novel empirical setting based on real-life experimental data.

摘 要

在技术快速进步的时代,个人可以使用大量开放和封闭形式的问题解决方法。我们引入并测试了一个框架,该框架比较了不同形式的问题解决方案,并确定了个人如何在其中做出选择。我们对 398 个人解决的 4,556 个问题的分析表明,开放交换的高问题复杂性和强烈的隐含社会规范增加了个人寻求外部解决方案而不是自己解决问题的可能性。我们的分析还表明,他们更喜欢个人专家(直接联系或通过公开电话联系)而不是汇总的人群知识。我们还发现,开放交换的强烈隐性社会规范削弱了复杂性对外部解决问题概率的积极影响。有趣的是,将聚集人群的使用与个别专家的使用进行比较时,这种影响更加微妙:当直接联系专家时,强烈的隐性社会规范加强了问题复杂性的积极影响,否则它们会削弱公开呼叫专家的使用。我们讨论并检验了问题复杂性与开放交换的社会规范之间的微妙影响。该研究促成了一系列开放式创新文献,这些文献使用解决问题的观点来更好地了解在什么情况下使用某些解决问题的形式,然后将其与基于现实生活实验数据的新颖经验设置相结合。当直接联系专家时,强大的隐性社会规范会加强问题复杂性的积极影响,否则会削弱公开电话专家的使用。我们讨论并检验了问题复杂性与开放交换的社会规范之间的微妙影响。该研究促成了一系列开放式创新文献,这些文献使用解决问题的观点来更好地了解在什么情况下使用某些解决问题的形式,然后将其与基于现实生活实验数据的新颖经验设置相结合。当直接联系专家时,强大的隐性社会规范会加强问题复杂性的积极影响,否则会削弱公开电话专家的使用。我们讨论并检验了问题复杂性与开放交换的社会规范之间的微妙影响。该研究促成了一系列开放式创新文献,这些文献使用解决问题的观点来更好地了解在什么情况下使用某些解决问题的形式,然后将其与基于现实生活实验数据的新颖经验设置相结合。

13

The vexing but persistent problem of authorship misconduct in research

研究中作者不端行为令人烦恼但长期存在的问题

Peyman Khezr, Vijay Mohan

Abstract

This paper examines authorship misconduct: practices such as gift, guest, honorary and ghost authorship (excluding plagiarism) that involve inappropriate attribution of authorship credits. Drawing on the existing literature, we describe the extent of authorship misconduct and why it presents a problem. We then construct a simple matching model of guest authorship to show how researchers can form teams (of two) where one researcher free-rides off the efforts of the other; at equilibrium, the latter is content for this free-riding to occur, rather than forming a different team involving no free-riding. We discuss how this model can be generalized to incorporate honorary and gift authorship, and why capturing ghost authorship may require significant changes to the modelling. While formal (game-theoretic) modelling of other aspects of research misconduct is prevalent in the literature, to our knowledge, ours is the first attempt to isolate the strategic interaction that leads to authorship misconduct. If authorship misconduct is a rational choice by researchers, we investigate the use of a monitoring-punishment approach to eliminate the free-riding equilibria. The possibility of monitoring is not just theoretical: we outline the recent advances in distributed ledger technology and authorship forensics that make monitoring of research workflows a viable strategy for institutions to curb authorship misconduct. One of the advantages of working with our simple model is that it provides a framework to examine the relationship between efficiency and ethics in this context, an issue that has by and large been ignored in the literature.

摘 要

本文审查作者身份不当行为: 诸如赠与、来宾、名誉和幽灵署名(不包括抄袭)等涉及作者署名不当归属的做法。借鉴现有文献,我们描述了作者不当行为的程度以及它为什么会出现问题。然后,我们构建了一个简单的来宾作者身份匹配模型,以展示研究人员如何组成团队(两人),其中一位研究人员可以搭便车;在平衡状态下,后者满足于这种搭便车的发生,而不是组建一个不涉及搭便车的不同团队。我们讨论了如何将此模型推广到包含荣誉和赠与作者身份,以及为什么捕捉幽灵作者身份可能需要对建模进行重大更改。虽然文献中普遍存在对研究不端行为其他方面的正式(博弈论)建模,据我们所知,我们是第一次尝试隔离导致作者不当行为的战略互动。如果作者身份不端行为是研究人员的理性选择,我们将研究使用监督惩罚方法来消除搭便车的平衡。监控的可能性不仅仅是理论上的:我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们是第一次尝试隔离导致作者不当行为的战略互动。如果作者身份不端行为是研究人员的理性选择,我们将研究使用监督惩罚方法来消除搭便车的平衡。监控的可能性不仅仅是理论上的:我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们是第一次尝试隔离导致作者不当行为的战略互动。如果作者身份不端行为是研究人员的理性选择,我们将研究使用监督惩罚方法来消除搭便车的平衡。监控的可能性不仅仅是理论上的:我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们研究了使用监控惩罚方法来消除搭便车均衡。监控的可能性不仅仅是理论上的:我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们研究了使用监控惩罚方法来消除搭便车均衡。监控的可能性不仅仅是理论上的:我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者身份取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者身份不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。我们概述了分布式账本技术和作者身份取证的最新进展,这使得对研究工作流程的监控成为机构遏制作者身份不当行为的可行策略。使用我们的简单模型的优点之一是它提供了一个框架来检查在这种情况下效率和道德之间的关系,这个问题在文献中基本上被忽略了。

14

Why do incumbents fund startups? A study of the antecedents of corporate venture capital in China

老牌企业为什么要资助初创企业?中国企业风险投资的前因研究

Gary Dushnitsky, Lei Yu

Abstract

Established firms are instrumental in funding entrepreneurial ventures, a practice known as corporate venture capital (CVC). Yet, our knowledge of the reasons firms engage in CVC is calibrated mainly on data from the United States and Europe. Such a restricted focus limits our understanding of CVC practices and objectives. Accordingly, we adopt an abductive approach to study the antecedents of CVC in China. The country is a vibrant entrepreneurial setting, second only to the USA in total startup numbers and funding amounts. We construct a comprehensive data of Chinese CVCs during the late 2010s by integrate Chinese and international databases. Cross-industry analyses of CVC patterns underscore a novel objective; one that is predominantly associated with harnessing growth through market expansion rather than the prevailing view of CVC as a window on technology. The findings mirror the features of the Chinese setting, where entrepreneurs profit from the dramatic expansion in economic activity and serve as a vehicle to leverage the global innovation frontier.

摘 要

成熟的公司在资助创业企业方面发挥了重要作用,这种做法被称为企业风险投资 (CVC)。然而,我们对公司从事 CVC 原因的了解主要是根据来自美国和欧洲的数据进行校准的。这种有限的焦点限制了我们对 CVC 实践和目标的理解。因此,我们采用溯因法研究中国CVC的前因。该国是一个充满活力的创业环境,在初创企业数量和资金总额方面仅次于美国。我们通过整合中国和国际数据库,构建了 2010 年代后期中国 CVC 的综合数据。CVC 模式的跨行业分析强调了一个新目标;主要与通过市场扩张来驾驭增长有关,而不是将 CVC 视为技术窗口的普遍观点。研究结果反映了中国环境的特征,企业家从经济活动的急剧扩张中获利,并作为利用全球创新前沿的工具。

15

Not all technologies are created equal for stakeholders: Constituency statutes, firm stakeholder orientation and investments in technology generality

并非所有技术对利益相关者都是平等的:选区法规、企业利益相关者导向和对技术通用性的投资

Raffaele Conti, Elena Novelli

Abstract

We provide evidence on how workers on an online platform perceive algorithmic versus human recruitment through two incentivized experiments designed to elicit willingness to pay for human or algorithmic evaluation. In particular, we test how information on workers’ performance affects their recruiter choice and whether the algorithmic recruiter is perceived as more or less gender-biased than the human one. We find that workers do perceive human and algorithmic evaluation differently, even though both recruiters are given the same inputs in our controlled setting. Specifically, human recruiters are perceived to be more error-prone evaluators and place more weight on personal characteristics, whereas algorithmic recruiters are seen as placing more weight on task performance. Consistent with these perceptions, workers with good task performance relative to others prefer algorithmic evaluation, whereas those with lower task performance prefer human evaluation. We also find suggestive evidence that perceived differences in gender bias drive preferences for human versus algorithmic recruitment.

摘 要

先前的研究分析了利益相关者导向对公司技术投资数量的影响,但忽略了其对投资特征的影响。为了解决这一差距,我们探讨了利益相关者导向对公司技术投资普遍性程度的影响。更通用的技术(即,易于在更广泛的行业中部署的技术)更有可能促进公司范围的重大变化。然而,这些变化破坏了利益相关者过去针对特定公司范围的特定关系投资的价值。因此,更多以利益相关者为导向的公司将投资于不太通用的技术资产,以减少利益相关者的担忧和反对。这种负面影响在更不确定的行业中会更强,利益相关者更担心公司可能会在实现以前无法预见的突发事件后使用技术通用性来改变其范围。然而,在竞争更激烈的行业中,利益相关者往往会进行较少的关系特定投资,并且不太关心由技术通用性的增加引发的公司范围的变化。我们通过利用 1976 年至 2000 年期间美国 34 个州颁布的选区法规作为公司利益相关者导向的合理外生变化来检验我们的假设。利益相关者倾向于较少针对特定关系的投资,并且不太关心由技术通用性的增加引发的公司范围的变化。我们通过利用 1976 年至 2000 年期间美国 34 个州颁布的选区法规作为公司利益相关者导向的合理外生变化来检验我们的假设。利益相关者倾向于较少针对特定关系的投资,并且不太关心由技术通用性的增加引发的公司范围的变化。我们通过利用 1976 年至 2000 年期间美国 34 个州颁布的选区法规作为公司利益相关者导向的合理外生变化来检验我们的假设。

16

Project-oriented agency and regeneration in socio-technical transition: Insights from the case of numerical weather prediction (1978–2015)

社会技术转型中的项目导向机构和再生:数值天气预报案例的见解(1978-2015)

Sylvain Lenfle, Jonas Söderlund

Abstract

This paper analyzes the unfolding of socio-technical transition (STT) using the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework. It relies on an in-depth case study of the “quiet revolution” of numerical weather prediction. The study reveals how key actors targeted the reverse salient of data assimilation and thereby facilitated the transition toward a new “variational” regime. In so doing, the paper makes three contributions to the STT literature: (1) it identifies a new type of transition pathway, “regeneration,” in which the regime transforms itself from within, despite the lack of changes in landscape pressure, to overcome internal tensions; (2) it showcases “project-oriented agency” as the central mechanism of this transition, which allows the actors to join forces and cooperate to counteract the reverse salient; and (3) it proposes a process model of project-oriented agency that accounts for the role of the reverse salient in the regeneration pathway.

摘 要

本文使用多层次视角 (MLP) 框架分析了社会技术转型 (STT) 的展开。它依赖于对数值天气预报“安静革命”的深入案例研究。该研究揭示了关键参与者如何针对数据同化的反向突出,从而促进向新的“变分”制度过渡。在这样做的过程中,本文对 STT 文献做出了三个贡献:(1)它确定了一种新型的过渡途径,即“再生”,尽管景观压力没有发生变化,但该政权从内部进行自我改造,以克服内部紧张局势;(2)它展示了“以项目为导向的代理”作为这一转变的中心机制,它允许行为者联合起来,合作以抵消反向突出。


                                                                                             编辑:卢苑

                                                                                      审核:李文清

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/research-policy


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#期刊目录

国内权威期刊目录《金融研究》(总第161期)

国内权威期刊目录《管理世界》第三十八卷第二期(总第160期)

国外权威期刊目录 Journal of International Economics ·国际经济学期刊(总第159期)

囯内权威期刊目录《统计研究》(总第158期)

#前沿佳文

前沿佳文·华南城市群生态系统人为干扰强度及其驱动因素量化研究(总第107期)

#学术讲座

第37期:计算社会科学与人文学的空间综合

第38期:建筑物化碳排放的核算过程和对比分析

#招聘信息

中国科学院青藏高原研究所招聘客座研究生 / 遥感科研助理

中国科学院空天信息创新研究院城市陆表环境遥感研究团队博士后招聘启事

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